Accurate blood test for Alzheimer’s disease

An accurate diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease currently requires either a sample of cerebrospinal fluid or a brain imaging test called a PET scan. Neither of these tests can be done in primary care clinics, where most people with cognitive complaints are first seen.

Such bottlenecks slow or prevent the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. Not having an official diagnosis prevents people from receiving drugs that can slow the progression of Alzheimer’s. It can also keep them from joining studies of new treatments.

Researchers have been working to develop easier blood tests for Alzheimer’s disease. These tests measure proteins related to Alzheimer’s disease called amyloid beta and tau. Abnormal buildup of certain forms of amyloid beta and tau can cause them to spill into the bloodstream from the brain. Many blood tests for Alzheimer’s disease have shown promising results. However, to date, most studies of these tests have not been done in real-world settings such as community clinics.

In a new study, funded in part by NIH, researchers led by Drs. Sebastian Palmqvist and Oskar Hansson from Lund University in Sweden collected blood samples from people who were being evaluated because of cognitive symptoms. More than 500 older adults were recruited from local primary care clinics and nearly 700 from nearby specialty memory care clinics.

The researchers used a test called PrecivityAD2. This measures the ratio of two types of amyloid beta as well as the proportion of tau made up of a specific type called p-tau217. Both measures were previously shown to predict a diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. In a previous study, the team defined the levels of these molecules required to confirm a diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease.

In the new study, the researchers compared blood test results with those from either a spinal-fluid test or PET scan. They also compared the performance of the blood test with that of standard clinical evaluations performed by doctors. Such evaluations include a physical examination, cognitive testing, and a CT scan of the brain. Results were published on July 28, 2024, in JAMA.

Across all the participants, the blood test predicted a diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease with 88% to 92% accuracy. Further analysis found that measuring the proportion of p-tau217 alone yielded results similar to using both measures.

The blood test performed far better than clinical evaluations done without biomarker-based testing. Such clinical evaluations were 73% accurate at identifying Alzheimer’s disease when done in specialty memory clinics, and only 61% accurate when done in primary care settings.

“We see this as a major step towards global clinical implementation of an Alzheimer’s blood test,” Hansson says. “The next steps include establishing clear guidelines for how an Alzheimer’s blood test can be used in clinical practice, preferably by implementing these tests first in specialist care and then in primary care. This work is currently ongoing.”

While the test used in the study is sold in the U.S., it is not yet approved by the Food and Drug Administration or covered by most insurance plans. The study also needs to be replicated in more diverse populations than the Swedish one studied.

—by Sharon Reynolds